On January 17, 1893, Foreign Legations accredited to the Court of the Hawaiian Kingdom in the city of Honolulu included the United States of America, Portugal, Great Britain, France and Japan. A Legation is a diplomatic mission in a foreign country headed by an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. After the Second World War legations were considered embassies. Foreign Consulates in the Hawaiian Kingdom included the United States of America, Italy, Chile, Germany, Sweden-Norway, Denmark, Peru, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Great Britain, Mexico and China.

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Hawaiian Legations accredited abroad to foreign States included:

1. United States of America in the city of Washington, D.C.;
2. Great Britain in the city of London;
3. France in the city of Paris,
4. Russia in the city of Saint Petersburg;
5. Peru in the city of Lima; and
6. Chile in the city of Valparaiso.

Hawaiian Consulates abroad in foreign States included:

1. United States of America in the cities of New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, San Diego, Boston, Portland, Port Townsend and Seattle;
2. Mexico in Mexico city and the city of Manzanillo; Guatemala;
3. Peru in the city of Callao;
4. Chile in the city of Valparaiso;
5. Uruguay in the city of Monte Video;
6. Philippines (former Spanish territory) in the city of Iloilo and Manila;
7. Great Britain in the cities of London, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle on Tyne, Falmouth, Dover, Cardiff and Swansea, Edinburgh and Leith, Glasgow, Dundee, Queenstown, Belfast;
8. Ireland (former British territory) in the cities of Liverpool, and Dublin;
9. Canada (former British territory) in the cities of Toronto, Montreal, Bellville, Kingston Rimouski, St. John’s, Varmouth, Victoria, and Vancouver;
10. Australia (former British territory) in the cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Hobart, and Launceston;
11. New Zealand (former British territory) in the cities of Auckland and Dunedin;
12. China in the cities of Hong Kong and Shanghai;
13. France in the cities of Paris, Marseilles, Bordeaux, Dijon, Libourne and Papeete;
14. Germany in the cities of Bremen, Hamburg, Frankfort, Dresden and Karlsruhe;
15. Austria in the city of Vienna;
16. Spain in the cities of Barcelona, Cadiz, Valencia Malaga, Cartegena, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz and Arrecife de Lanzarote;
17. Portugal in the cities of Lisbon, Oporto Madeira, and St. Michaels;
18. Cape Verde (former Portuguese territory) in the city of St. Vincent;
19. Italy in the cities of Rome, Genoa, and Palermo;
20. Netherlands in the cities of Amsterdam and Dordrecht;
21. Belgium in the cities of Antwerp, Ghent, Liege and Bruges;
22. Sweden in the cities of Stockholm, Lyskil, and Gothemburg;
23. Norway in the city of Oslo (formerly known as Kristiania);
24. Denmark in the city of Copenhagen; and
25. Japan in the city of Tokyo.

On December 20, 1849, the Treaty between the United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom was concluded and signed in Washington, D.C. Ratifications by both countries were exchanged in Honolulu on the Island of O‘ahu, on August 24, 1850. Article VIII of the treaty provides:

“…each of the two contracting parties engages that the citizens or subjects of the other residing in their respective States shall enjoy their property and personal security in as full and ample manner as their own citizens or subjects, or the subjects or citizens of the most favored nation, but subject always to the laws and statutes of the two countries, respectively.”

In addition, Article XVI of the said treaty provides that any:

“…citizen or subject of either party infringing the articles of this treaty shall be held responsible for the same, and the harmony and good correspondence between the two governments shall not be interrupted thereby, each party engaging in no way to protect the offender, or sanction such violation.”

Neither the United States nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XVI of the 1849 Treaty.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former United States territories, which acquired their independence from the United States, are successor States to, at the very least, Article VIII of the Hawaiian-American Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States are:

1. Federated States of Micronesia. Independence from American trusteeship on November 3, 1986.
2. Marshall Islands. Independence from American trusteeship on October 21, 1986.
3. Palau. Independence from American trusteeship on October 1, 1994.
4. Philippines.  Independence:  July 4, 1946

On July 1, 1852, a Treaty was signed between Sweden and Norway and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Honolulu and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article II of the treaty provides:

“there shall be between all the dominions of His Swedish and Norwegian Majesty, and the Hawaiian Islands, a reciprocal freedom of commerce.  The subjects of each of the two contracting parties, respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come with their ships and cargoes to all places, ports and rivers in the territories of the other, where trade with other nations in permitted.  They may remain and reside in any part of the said territories, respectively, and hire and occupy houses and warehouses and my trade, by wholesale or retail, in all kinds of produce, manufactures or merchandise of lawful commerce, enjoying the same exemptions and privileges as native subjects, and subject always to the same laws and established customs as native subjects.”

Following the separation of Austria-Hungary into two separate States, both States remained parties to the 1852 Treaty with the Hawaiian Kingdom. Neither Norway nor Sweden nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of their intentions to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XVII of the 1852 Treaty.  Therefore, the treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date.

On July 20, 1864, a Treaty was signed between the Swiss Confederation and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Berne and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article III of the treaty provides:

“the citizens of each of the contracting parties shall enjoy on the territory of the other the most perfect and complete protection for their persons and their property.  They shall in consequence have free and easy access to the tribunals of justice for their claims and the defense of their rights, in all cases and in every degree of jurisdiction established by the law.”

Neither the Swiss Confederation nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XIII of the 1864 Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date.

On October 29, 1863, a Treaty was signed between Spain and the Hawaiian Kingdom in London and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article IV of this treaty provides:

“the respective citizens of the two countries shall enjoy the most constant and complete protection for their persons and property.  Consequently, they shall have free and easy access to the courts of justice in the pursuit and defense of their rights, in every instance and degree of jurisdiction established by the laws.”

Neither Spain nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XXVII of the 1863 Treaty.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date day. Former Spanish territories, which acquired their independence from Spain, are successor States to, at the very least, Article IV of the Hawaiian-Spanish Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States are:

1. Cuba.  Independence:  May 20, 1902.
2. Equatorial Guinea.  Independence:  October 12, 1968.

On June 19, 1869, a Treaty was signed between Russia and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Paris and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article II of this treaty provides:

“the subjects of His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, and the subjects of His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands, shall be treated reciprocally on the footing of the most favored nation.”

Neither Russia nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the principles of customary international law.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former Russian territories, which acquired their independence from Russia, are successor States to, at the very least, Article II of the Hawaiian-Russian Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States are:

1. Armenia.  Independence:  September 23, 1991.
2. Azerbaijan.  Independence:  August 30, 1991.
3. Belarus.  Independence:  August 25, 1991.
4. Estonia. Independence. February 24, 1918.
5. Finland.  Independence:  December 6, 1917.
6. Georgia.  Independence:  April 9, 1991.
7. Kazakhstan.  Independence:  December 6, 1991.
8. Kyrgyzstan.  Independence:  August 31, 1991.
9. Latvia.  Independence:  November 18, 1918.
10. Lithuania.  Independence:  February 16, 1918.
11. Poland. Independence: November 11, 1918.
12. Republic of Moldova.  Independence:  August 27, 1991.
13. Tajikistan.  Independence:  September 9, 1991.
14. Turkmenistan.  Independence:  October 27, 1991.
15. Ukraine.  Independence:  August 24, 1991.
16. Uzbekistan.  Independence:  August 31, 1991.

On May 5, 1882, a Provisional Convention was signed between Portugal and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Lisbon and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article I of this convention provides:

“the Consular Agents, the subjects, the ships and products of the soil, or of the industry of one of the two countries, will enjoy on the territory of the other the same exemptions, privileges, and immunities which other Consular Agents, subjects, ships and products of the soil, or of the industry of the most favored nation, enjoy.”

Neither Portugal nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this Provisional Convention in accordance with the principles of customary international law.  Therefore, this Portuguese Provisional Convention is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former Portuguese territories, which acquired their independence from Portugal, are successor States to, at the very least, Article I of the Hawaiian-Portuguese Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States are:

1. Angola.  Independence:  November 11, 1975.
2. Cape Verde.  Independence:  July 5, 1975.
3. Guinea-Bissau.  Independence:  September 24, 1973.
4. Mozambique.  Independence:  June 25, 1975.
5. Sao Tome and Principe.  Independence:  July 12, 1975.
6. Timor-Leste. Independence: November 28, 1975. May 20, 2002 is the official date of international recognition of Timor-Leste’s independence by the United Nations.

On October 16, 1862, a Treaty was signed between the Netherlands and the Hawaiian Kingdom in The Hague and thereafter ratified by both governments. The King of the Netherlands, William III, was also Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Article II of this treaty provides:

“the respective subjects of the two high contracting parties shall be perfectly and in all respects assimilated on their establishment and settlement, whether for a longer or shorter time in the States and Colonies of the other party on the terms granted to the subjects of the most favored nation in all which concerns the permission of sojourning, the exercise of legal professions, imposts, taxes, in a word, all the conditions relative to sojourn and establishment.”

Neither the Netherlands nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article VI of the 1862 Treaty.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former Dutch territories, which acquired their independence from the Netherlands, are successor States to, at the very least, Article II of the Hawaiian-Dutch Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States are:

1. Indonesia.  Independence:  August 17, 1945.
2. Suriname.  Independence:  November 25, 1975.

On August 19, 1871, a Treaty was signed between Japan and the Hawaiian Kingdom in the city of Yedo and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article II of this treaty provides:

“the subjects of each of the two high contracting parties, respectively, shall have the liberty freely and securely to come with their ships and cargoes to all places, ports and rivers in the territories of the other, where trade with other nations is permitted;  they may remain and reside in any such ports, and places respectively, and hire and occupy houses and warehouses, and may trade in all kinds of produce, manufactures and merchandise of lawful commerce, enjoying at all times the same privileges as may have been, or may hereafter be granted to the citizens or subjects of any other nation, paying at all times such duties and taxes as may be exacted from the citizens or subjects of other nations doing business or residing within the territories of each of the high contracting parties.”

Neither Japan nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article VI of the 1871 Treaty.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former Japanese territories, which acquired their independence from Japan, are successor States to, at the very least, Article II of the Hawaiian-Japanese Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. The successor States are:

1. North Korea.  Independence:  August 15, 1945.
2. South Korea. Independence: August 15, 1945.

On July 22, 1863, a Treaty was signed between Italy and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Paris and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article IV of this treaty provides:

“the respective citizens of the two countries shall enjoy the most constant and complete protection for their persons and property.  Consequently, they shall have free and easy access to the courts of justice in the pursuit and defense of their rights, in every instance and degree of jurisdiction established by the laws.”

Neither Italy nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XXVII of the 1863 Treaty.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former Italian territories, which acquired their independence from Italy, are successor States to, at the very least, Article IV of the Hawaiian-Italian Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. The successor State is:

1. Libya.  Independence:  December 24, 1951.
2. Somalia.  Independence:  July 1, 1960, from a merger of British Somaliland that became independent from the United Kingdom on 26 June 1960 and Italian Somaliland that became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic.

On July 10, 1851, a Treaty was signed between the United Kingdom and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Honolulu and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article VIII of this treaty provides:

“the subjects of either of the contracting parties, in the territories of the other, shall receive and enjoy full and perfect protection for their persons and property, and shall have free and open access to the courts of justice in the said countries, respectively, for the prosecution and defense of their just rights…”

Neither Great Britain nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the principles of customary international law.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former British territories, which acquired their independence from Great Britain, are successor States to, at the very least, Article VIII of the Hawaiian-British Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States, which includes mandate territories, are:

1. Afghanistan.  Independence:  August 19, 1919.
2. Antigua and Barbuda.  Independence:  November 1, 1981.
3. Australia.  Independence:  January 1, 1901.
4. Bahamas.  Independence:  July 10, 1973.
5. Bahrain.  Independence:  August 15, 1971.
6. Bangladesh.  Independence from Pakistan on December 16, 1971.  Pakistan acquired Independence from Great Britain on August 14, 1947.
7. Barbados.  Independence:  November 30, 1966.
8. Belize.  Independence:  September 21, 1981.
9. Bhutan.  Independence from India on August 8, 1949.  India acquired Independence from Great Britain on August 15, 1947.
10. Botswana.  Independence:  September 30, 1966.
11. Brunei Darussalam. Independence: January 1, 1984.
12. Canada. Independence: December 11, 1931.
13. Cyprus.  Independence:  August 16, 1960.
14. Dominica.  Independence:  November 3, 1978.
15. Egypt.  Independence:  February 28, 1922.
16. Fiji.  Independence:  October 10, 1970.
17. Gambia.  Independence:  February18, 1965.
18. Ghana.  Independence:  March 6, 1957.
19. Grenada.  Independence:  February 7, 1974.
20. Guyana.  Independence:  May 26, 1966.
21. India.  Independence:  August 15, 1947.
22. Iraq. Independence from British Mandate: October 3, 1932.
23. Ireland.  Independence:  December 6, 1921.
24. Israel. Independence from British Mandate: May 14, 1948.
25. Jamaica.  Independence:  August 6, 1962.
26. Jordan. Independence from British Mandate: May 25, 1946.
27. Kenya.  Independence:  December 12, 1963.
28. Kiribati.  Independence:  July 12, 1979.
29. Kuwait.  Independence:  June 19, 1961.
30. Lesotho.  Independence:  October 4, 1966.
31. Malawi.  Independence:  July 6, 1964.
32. Malaysia.  Independence:  August 31, 1957.
33. Maldives.  Independence:  July 26, 1965.
34. Malta.  Independence:  September 21, 1964.
35. Mauritius.  Independence:  March 12, 1968.
36. Myanmar.  Independence:  January 4, 1948.
37. Namibia.  Independence from South African Mandate on March 21, 1990. South Africa acquired Independence from Great Britain on May 31, 1910.
38. Nauru. Independence from Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain Trusteeship on January 31, 1968. New Zealand acquired Independence from Great Britain on September 26, 1907, and Australia acquired Independence from Great Britain on January 1, 1901.
39. New Zealand.  Independence:  September 26, 1907.
40. Nigeria.  Independence:  October 1, 1960.
41. Pakistan.  Independence:  August 14, 1947.
42. Papua New Guinea. Independence from Australian Trusteeship on September 16, 1975. Australia acquired Independence from Great Britain on January 1, 1901.
43. Qatar.  Independence:  September 3, 1971.
44. Saint Kitts and Nevis.  Independence:  September 19, 1983.
45. Saint Lucia.  Independence:  February 22, 1979.
46. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.  Independence:  October 27, 1979.
47. Samoa. Independence from New Zealand Trusteeship on January 1, 1962. New Zealand acquired Independence from Great Britain on September 26, 1907.
48. Seychelles.  Independence:  June 29, 1976.
49. Sierra Leone.  Independence:  April 27, 1961.
50. Singapore.  Independence from Malaysia on August 9, 1965. Malaysia acquired Independence from Great Britain on August 31, 1957.
51. Solomon Islands.  Independence:  July 7, 1978.
52. Somalia.  Independence:  July 1, 1960, from a merger of British Somaliland that became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960 and Italian Somaliland that became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic.
53. South Africa.  Independence:  May 31, 1910.
54. .South Sudan. Independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011. Sudan acquired Independence from Great Britain on January 1, 1956.
55. Sri Lanka.  Independence:  February 4, 1948.
56. Sudan.  Independence:  January 1, 1956.
57. Swaziland.  Independence:  September 6, 1968.
58. Tonga.  Independence:  June 4, 1970.
59. Trinidad and Tobago.  Independence:  August 31, 1962.
60. Tuvalu.  Independence:  October 1, 1978.
61. Uganda.  Independence:  October 9, 1962.
62. United Arab Emirates.  Independence:  December 2, 1971.
63. United Republic of Tanzania. Tanganyika became independent on December 9, 1961 from British Trusteeship; Zanzibar became independent on December 19, 1963; Tanganyika united with Zanzibar on April 26, 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania.
64. Vanuatu.  Independence from both France and Great Britain on July 30, 1980.
65. Zambia.  Independence:  October 24, 1964.
66. Zimbabwe.  Independence:  April 18, 1980.

On March 25, 1879, a Treaty was signed between Germany and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Berlin and thereafter ratified by both governments and exchanged. Article II of this treaty provides:

“the subjects and citizens of the two High Contracting Parties may remain and reside in any part of said territories respectively and shall receive and enjoy full and perfect protection for their persons and property.  They shall have free and easy access to the courts of justice, provided by law, in pursuit and defense of their rights, and they shall be at liberty to choose and employ lawyers, advocates or agents to pursue or defend their rights before such courts of justice; and they shall enjoy in this respect all the rights and privileges as native subjects or citizens.”

Neither Germany nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XXVI of the 1879 Treaty.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date.

On October 29, 1857, a Treaty was signed between France and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Honolulu and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article IV of this treaty provides:

“their respective subjects shall enjoy, in both States, a constant and complete protection for their persons and properties.  They shall, consequently, have free and easy access to the tribunals of justice, in prosecution and defense of their rights, in every instance, and in all the degrees of jurisdiction established by the laws.”

Neither France nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XXVI of the 1857 Treaty.  Therefore this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former French territories, which acquired their independence from France, are successor States to, at the very least, Article IV of the Hawaiian-French Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States, which includes mandate territories, are:

1. Algeria.  Independence:  July 5, 1962.
2. Benin.  Independence:  August 1, 1960.
3. Burkina Faso.  Independence:  August 5, 1960.
4. Central African Republic.  Independence: August 13, 1960.
5. Chad.  Independence:  August 11, 1960.
6. Comoros.  Independence:  July 6, 1975.
7. Congo.  Independence:  August 15, 1960.
8. Côte D’Ivoire.  Independence:  August 7, 1960.
9. Djibouti.  Independence:  June 27, 1977.
10. Gabon.  Independence:  August 17, 1960.
11. Guinea.  Independence:  October 2, 1958.
12. Lao People’s Democratic Republic.  Independence:  July 19, 1949.
13. Lebanon. Independence from French Mandate: November 22, 1943.
14. Madagascar.  Independence:  June 26, 1960.
15. Mali.  Independence:  September 22, 1960.
16. Mauritania.  Independence:  November 28, 1960.
17. Morocco.  Independence:  March 2, 1956.
18. Niger.  Independence:  August 3, 1960.
19. Republic of Cameroon. Independence from French Trusteeship on January 1, 1960.
20. Senegal.  Independence:  April 4, 1960.
21. Syria. Independence from French Mandate: April 17, 1946.
22. Togo. Independence from French Trusteeship on April 27, 1960.
23. Tunisia.  Independence:  March 20, 1956.
24. Vanuatu.  Independence from France and Great Britain: July 30, 1980.
25. Viet Nam.  Independence:  September 2, 1945.

On October 19, 1846, a Treaty was signed between Denmark and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Honolulu and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article II of this treaty provides:

“the subjects of His Majesty the King of Denmark, residing within the dominions of the King of the Hawaiian Islands, shall enjoy the same protection in regard to their civil rights as well as to their persons and properties, as native subjects;  and the King of the Hawaiian Islands engages to grant to Danish subjects the same rights and privileges which now are, or may hereafter be, granted to or enjoyed by any other foreigners, subjects of the most favored nation.”

Neither Denmark nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the principles of customary international law.  Therefore, this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former Danish territories, which acquired their independence from Denmark, are successor States to, at the very least, Article II of the Hawaiian-Danish Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. The successor State is:

Iceland.  Independence:  June 7, 1944.

On October 4, 1862, a Treaty was signed between Belgium and the Hawaiian Kingdom in Brussels and thereafter ratified by both governments. Article IV of this treaty provides:

“the respective citizens of the two countries shall enjoy the most constant and complete protection for their persons and property.  Consequently they shall have free and easy access to the court of justice in the pursuit and defense of their rights in every instance and degree of jurisdiction established by the laws.”

Neither Belgium nor the Hawaiian Kingdom gave notice to the other of its intention to terminate this treaty in accordance with the terms of Article XXVII of the 1862 Treaty.  Therefore this treaty is still in full force and continues to have legal effect to date. Former Belgian territories, which acquired their independence from Belgium, are successor States to, at the very least, Article IV of the Hawaiian-Belgian Treaty with regard to the citizenry of the successor State that effectively replaced the citizenry of the predecessor State in the treaty. These successor States are:

1. Democratic Republic of the Congo.  Independence:  June 30, 1960.
2. Burundi. Independence from Belgian Trusteeship on July 1, 1962.
3. Rwanda. Independence from Belgian Trusteeship on July 1, 1962.