{"id":6044,"date":"2022-07-18T19:20:01","date_gmt":"2022-07-18T19:20:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/?p=6044"},"modified":"2022-07-18T21:57:38","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T21:57:38","slug":"calculating-reparations-for-129-years-of-the-united-states-violations-of-international-humanitarian-law-since-1893","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/calculating-reparations-for-129-years-of-the-united-states-violations-of-international-humanitarian-law-since-1893\/","title":{"rendered":"Calculating Reparations for 129 years of the United States&#8217; Violations of International Humanitarian Law since 1893"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/from-a-state-of-peace-to-a-state-of-war-hawaii-and-the-united-states-since-1893\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ongoing illegal state of war between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States since 1893<\/a><\/strong>, and the prolonged belligerent occupation of an internationally recognized independent State has violated all norms of international law. In light of the federal lawsuit, <em><strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/pdf\/Amended_Complaint_and_Exhibits_1_&amp;_2%20_(Filed_2021-08-11).pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Hawaiian Kingdom v. Biden<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, it is timely to address another war and subsequent belligerent occupation that the United States was involved, which eventually came to an end with the payment of reparations. This was the war with Japan from 1941-51.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here follows the reparations for war paid by the Japanese government under the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/doc\/Publication\/UNTS\/Volume%20136\/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>1951 Treaty of Peace<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Reparation Payments:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reparations were made by Japan pursuant to Article 14(a), 1951 Japan Treaty of Peace, which states, \u201cIt is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage suffering caused by it during the war.\u201d Below are Japanese reparations to countries for 10 years of war (1941-51).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Country<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Amount in US$<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Date of Treaty<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Burma<\/td><td>$200 million<\/td><td>Nov. 5, 1955<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Philippines<\/td><td>$550 million<\/td><td>May 9, 1956<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indonesia<\/td><td>$223 million<\/td><td>Jan. 20, 1958<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vietnam<\/td><td>$39 million<\/td><td>May 13, 1959<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Average<\/strong><\/td><td>$250 million<\/td><td>Mean year\u20141957<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usinflationcalculator.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Inflation calculator<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>$2.6 billion<\/td><td>Year\u20142022<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As a basis to calculate the amount of reparations that could be owed to the Hawaiian Kingdom by the United States up to the year of 2022, which is 129 years of war, the Japanese reparations paid could serve as a guide by applying the years of war to the years of war with the Hawaiian Kingdom. Reparations to be paid by the United States could be calculated at $32 billion, which is $250 million annually multiplied by&nbsp;129 years of war with the Hawaiian Kingdom. <strong>The inflation calculator sets $32 billion in 1957 to $337 billion in 2022.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the 1876 <em>Act to Regulate the Currency<\/em>, &#8220;the gold coins of the United States of America shall be the standard and a legal tender in this Kingdom in all payments of debts, at their nominal value.&#8221; Although the United States completely stopped using the gold standard in 1973, it was replaced by <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/f\/fiatmoney.asp\" target=\"_blank\">fiat money<\/a><\/strong> that the U.S. government orders its currency must be used for payments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This measurement could also be applied to other countries who are parties to the conflict and who have been complicit in the belligerent actions taken by the United States against the Hawaiian Kingdom such as the 20 States that unlawfully recognized the United States surrogate calling itself the so-called Republic of Hawai\u2018i in 1894. These States, and the dates they recognized the American puppet, include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-austro-hungary\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Austria-Hungary<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(January 1, 1895);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-belgium\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Belgium<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(October 17, 1894);<\/li><li><strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-brazil\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brazil<\/a>&nbsp;<\/strong>(September 29, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-chile\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Chile<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(September 26, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-china\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>China<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(October 22, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-france\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>France<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(August 31, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-germanyprussia\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(October 4, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-guatemala\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Guatemala<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(September 30, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-italy\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Italy<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(September 23, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/05\/27\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-japan\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Japan<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(April 6, 1897);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-mexico\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Mexico<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(August 8, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-netherlands\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Netherlands<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(November 2, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-swedennorway\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Norway-Sweden<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(December 17, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-peru\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Peru<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(September 10, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-portugal\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Portugal<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(December 17, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-russia\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Russia<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(August 26, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-spain\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Spain<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(November 26, 1894);<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/06\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-switzerland\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Switzerland<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(September 18, 1894); and<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/historymystery.kenconklin.org\/2008\/04\/05\/recognition-of-the-republic-of-hawaii-britain\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>United Kingdom<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;(September 19, 1894).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>According to renowned American jurist, Professor Ellery Stowell,&nbsp;<em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Intervention_in_International_Law\/8Tk1AQAAMAAJ?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Intervention in International Law<\/a><\/strong><\/em> (1921) at 349, n. 75, a \u201cforeign state which intervenes in support of [insurgents] commits an act of war against the state to which it belongs, and steps outside the law of nations in time of peace.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Seizing of Assets:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seizure of Japanese assets in the territories of Allied Powers was also done pursuant to Article 14(a)(2)(I), 1951 Japan Treaty of Peace, which states, \u201cSubject to the provisions of sub-paragraph (II) below, each of the Allied Powers shall have the right to seize, retain, liquidate or otherwise dispose of all property, rights and interests of (a) Japan and Japanese nationals, (b) persons acting for or on behalf of Japan or Japanese nationals, and (c) entities owned or controlled by Japan or Japanese nationals, which on the first coming into force of the present Treaty were subject to its jurisdiction.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the United States, Japanese assets seized amounted to $85 million (inflation conversion for 2022\u2014$896 million). Pursuant to Presidential <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/executive-order-9567-amending-executive-order-no-9095-amended-executive-order-no-9193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Executive Order no. 9567\u2014<em>Alien Property Custodian<\/em><\/a><\/strong> (1945), the United States took title by \u201cvesting\u201d of all property of Japan and Germany and their nationals. Under the 1948 War Claims Act proceeds derived from these assets would not be returned, but rather placed in a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.govregs.com\/uscode\/expand\/title50_chapter51_subchapterI_section4110#uscode_9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">War Claims Fund<\/a><\/strong> from which payments would be made to United States citizens that suffered as a consequence of the war with Japan and Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assets held by the United States and other States who are parties to the conflict since January 16, 1893, to include their nationals, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Hawaiian Kingdom are yet to be determined. The liquidation of these assets could be utilized in similar fashion as the United States did regarding Japanese and German properties vested under <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_Alien_Property_Custodian\" target=\"_blank\"><em><strong>Alien Property Custodian<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, to compensate Hawaiian subjects who were the victims of war crimes under international humanitarian law.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The ongoing illegal state of war between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States since 1893, and the prolonged belligerent occupation of an internationally recognized independent State has violated all norms of international law. In light of the federal lawsuit, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/calculating-reparations-for-129-years-of-the-united-states-violations-of-international-humanitarian-law-since-1893\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,6,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6044","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-international-law","category-treaties","category-war-crimes"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p31YBQ-1zu","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6044","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6044"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6044\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6065,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6044\/revisions\/6065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6044"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6044"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6044"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}