{"id":3261,"date":"2015-07-10T19:52:05","date_gmt":"2015-07-10T19:52:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/?p=3261"},"modified":"2015-07-10T20:15:26","modified_gmt":"2015-07-10T20:15:26","slug":"continuance-of-hawaiian-treaties-with-foreign-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/continuance-of-hawaiian-treaties-with-foreign-states\/","title":{"rendered":"Continuance of Hawaiian Treaties with Foreign States"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Denmark<\/a>The first friendship treaty the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into as a sovereign state was with Denmark<\/a> on October 19, 1846. Other friendship treaties followed with Hamburg<\/a>, succeeded by Germany, (January 8, 1848), the United States of America<\/a> (December 20, 1849), the United Kingdom<\/a> (July 10, 1851), Bremen<\/a>, succeeded by Germany, (March 27, 1854), Sweden-Norway<\/a>, now separate states, (April 5, 1855), France<\/a> (September 8, 1858), Belgium<\/a> (October 4, 1862), Netherlands<\/a> (October 16, 1862), Luxembourg<\/a> (October 16, 1862), Italy<\/a> (July 22, 1863), Spain<\/a> (October 9, 1863), Switzerland<\/a> (July 20, 1864), Russia<\/a> (June 19, 1869), Japan<\/a> (August 19, 1871), Austria-Hungary<\/a>, now separate states (June 18, 1875), Germany<\/a> (March 25, 1879), and Portugal<\/a> (May 5, 1882). Neither the Hawaiian Kingdom nor any of these states expressed any intention to terminate any of the treaties according to the provisions provided in each of the treaties, and therefore remain in full force and effect.<\/p>\n

These treaties have the \u201cmost favored nation\u201d clause, and secure the equal application of commercial trade in the Hawaiian Islands to all treaty partners. These treaties have all been violated by the United States through the unlawful imposition of the Merchant Marine Act<\/a><\/em> (1920)\u2014also known as the Jones Act\u2014<\/em>that has secured commercial control over the seas to United States citizens, which has consequently placed the citizens of these foreign states at a commercial disadvantage (46 U.S.C. \u00a7883-1<\/a>). The clause is designed<\/p>\n

\u201cto establish the principle of equality of international treatment. The test of whether the principle is violated by the concession of advantages to a particular nation is not the form in which such concession is made, but the condition on which it is granted; whether it is given for a price, or whether this price is in the nature of a substantial equivalent, and not a mere evasion (Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1013 (6th ed. 1990).\u201d<\/p>\n

Treaties \u201care legally binding, because there exists a customary rule of International Law that treaties are binding. The binding effect of that rule rests in the last resort on the fundamental assumption, which is neither consensual nor necessarily legal, of the objectively binding force of International Law (L. Oppenheim, International Law<\/em>, vol. 1, 794 (7th ed. 1948),\u201d states Oppenheim. \u201cNo distinction should be made between more or less important parts of a treaty as regards its execution. Whatever may be the importance or the insignificance of a part of a treaty, it must be executed in good faith, for the binding force of a treaty covers all its parts and stipulations equally (Id., 829).\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The first friendship treaty the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into as a sovereign state was with Denmark on October 19, 1846. Other friendship treaties followed with Hamburg, succeeded by Germany, (January 8, 1848), the United States of America (December 20, 1849), … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,5,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-international-law","category-national","category-treaties"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p31YBQ-QB","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3261"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3261\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3265,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3261\/revisions\/3265"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3261"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hawaiiankingdom.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}